Earthquake
crack (stock image). Earthquake faults are smarter — in the sense of
having better memory — than seismologists have long assumed.
Credit: © Hunta / Fotolia
Northwestern University researchers now have
an answer to a vexing age-old question: Why do earthquakes sometimes
come in clusters?
The research team has developed a new computer model and discovered
that earthquake faults are smarter -- in the sense of having better
memory -- than seismologists have long assumed.
"If it's been a long time since a large earthquake, then, even after another quake happens, the fault's 'memory' sometimes isn't wiped out, so there's still a good chance of having another," said Seth Stein, the study's senior author and the William Deering Professor of Geological Sciences in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.
"As a result, a cluster of earthquakes occurs," he said. "Earthquake clusters imply that faults have a long-term memory."
The model shows that clusters can occur on faults with long-term memory, so that even after a big earthquake happens, the chance of another earthquake can stay high. The memory comes from the fact that the earthquake didn't release all the strain that built up on the fault over time, so some strain remains after a big earthquake and can cause another.
"This isn't surprising," said Bruce D. Spencer, a professor of statistics in Weinberg and an author of the study. "Many systems' behavior depends on their history over a long time. For example, your risk of spraining an ankle depends not just on the last sprain you had, but also on previous ones."
Leah Salditch, lead author of the study, will present details of the research Thursday, Dec. 15, at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting in San Francisco.
Since earthquake seismology started after a large earthquake destroyed San Francisco in 1906, seismologists have usually assumed that when the next big earthquake will happen on a fault depends on the time since the last one happened. In other words, a fault has only short-term memory -- it "remembers" only the last earthquake and has "forgotten" all the previous ones.
This assumption goes into forecasting when future earthquakes will happen, and then into hazard maps that predict the level of shaking for which earthquake-resistant buildings should be designed.
However, Salditch, a graduate student in Stein's research group, explained, "Long histories of earthquakes on faults sometimes show clusters of earthquakes with relatively short times between them, separated by longer times without earthquakes. For example, during clusters on the San Andreas, big earthquakes happened only about 50 years apart, while the clusters are separated by several hundred years. Clusters also have been found on the Cascadia fault system off the coast of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, and along the Dead Sea fault in Israel."
These results could be important for forecasting when future earthquakes will happen, said Edward M. Brooks, an author of the study and a graduate student in Stein's research group.
"When you're trying to figure out a team's chances of winning a ball game, you don't want to look just at what happened in the last game between those teams," Brooks said. "Looking back over earlier games also can be helpful. We should learn how to do a similar thing for earthquakes."
"If it's been a long time since a large earthquake, then, even after another quake happens, the fault's 'memory' sometimes isn't wiped out, so there's still a good chance of having another," said Seth Stein, the study's senior author and the William Deering Professor of Geological Sciences in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.
"As a result, a cluster of earthquakes occurs," he said. "Earthquake clusters imply that faults have a long-term memory."
The model shows that clusters can occur on faults with long-term memory, so that even after a big earthquake happens, the chance of another earthquake can stay high. The memory comes from the fact that the earthquake didn't release all the strain that built up on the fault over time, so some strain remains after a big earthquake and can cause another.
"This isn't surprising," said Bruce D. Spencer, a professor of statistics in Weinberg and an author of the study. "Many systems' behavior depends on their history over a long time. For example, your risk of spraining an ankle depends not just on the last sprain you had, but also on previous ones."
Leah Salditch, lead author of the study, will present details of the research Thursday, Dec. 15, at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting in San Francisco.
Since earthquake seismology started after a large earthquake destroyed San Francisco in 1906, seismologists have usually assumed that when the next big earthquake will happen on a fault depends on the time since the last one happened. In other words, a fault has only short-term memory -- it "remembers" only the last earthquake and has "forgotten" all the previous ones.
This assumption goes into forecasting when future earthquakes will happen, and then into hazard maps that predict the level of shaking for which earthquake-resistant buildings should be designed.
However, Salditch, a graduate student in Stein's research group, explained, "Long histories of earthquakes on faults sometimes show clusters of earthquakes with relatively short times between them, separated by longer times without earthquakes. For example, during clusters on the San Andreas, big earthquakes happened only about 50 years apart, while the clusters are separated by several hundred years. Clusters also have been found on the Cascadia fault system off the coast of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, and along the Dead Sea fault in Israel."
These results could be important for forecasting when future earthquakes will happen, said Edward M. Brooks, an author of the study and a graduate student in Stein's research group.
"When you're trying to figure out a team's chances of winning a ball game, you don't want to look just at what happened in the last game between those teams," Brooks said. "Looking back over earlier games also can be helpful. We should learn how to do a similar thing for earthquakes."
Story Source:
Materials provided by Northwestern University. Original written by Megan Fellman. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Materials provided by Northwestern University. Original written by Megan Fellman. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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